نشریه اکوبیولوژی تالاب
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 31، بهار 1396)

Growth and Mortality Parameters of Cyprinus carpio were studies in Shadegan wetland. Monthly samples were collected from landing at five stations: Doragh, Rogabe, Khorosy, Salmaneh, Atish. During one year's study from April 2013 to March 2014, 1401 specimens were measured. Mean±s.d length values for this female, male and total fish include were 207±20, 200±33 mm respectively and mean±s.d weight Values were 162±98, 116 ±96gr respectively. Length-weight relationship with Excel program of for female, male this species were resulted W=0.00003 L2.89 (N=397, R2=0.91), W=0.0004 L2.60 (N=301, R2=0.95) respectively. The growth parameters of von Bertalanffy equation for female, male and total fish this species as below were estimated as, The growth parameters of von Bertalanffy equation were estimated as, L∞: 514, 483 and 514 and K: 0.31, 0.49 and 0.36 and t0: -0.5,- 0.15, and -0.2 respectively. Mortality coefficients such as total mortality, Z: 1.41, 1.51 and 1.44 natural mortality, M: 0.61, 0.83 and 0.66 and fishing mortality, F: 0.53, 0.67 and 0.83 respectively. Based on results and with comparing to American Fisheries Society (AFS) indices, this species was classified as moderate vulnerable group fishes.

Heavy metals are discharged into the marine environment through natural process and anthropogenic activities. They can remain in dissolved or in suspension in the water column, precipitate to the bottom, or be taken up by various marine organisms. So, metals can accumulate to toxic concentrations causing ecological damage, and subsequently be transferred to humans and terrestrial animals through the food and feed chains. Therefore this study was conducted for assessment of correlation between Al, Zn and Pb concentrations in macro benthos communities of Khor Musa and these metals accumulation in sediments in 2012. For sediments sampling, cores of 40 cm length were collected with the help of a PVC tube by gently intruding it into the sediment and protruding it out, capping, and freezing it upon return to the laboratory. After digesting the sediments with Aqua Regia solution 3/1 (v/v) HCl/HNO3 in microwave device and identifying the macrobenthos species, concentrations of heavy metals sediments and macro benthos samples were measured using ICP-AES. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package according to Shapiro-Wilk test, One Sample T test, One Way ANOVA (Duncan Multiple Range Test) and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results showed that maximum mean concentrations of Al, Zn and Pb in sediment samples were 620.29±80.0, 136.0±24.0 and 10.47±3.0 mg/kg respectively, and maximum mean concentrations of these elements in macro benthos samples were 8510.11±619.40, 48.76±5.32 and 24.0±3.99 mg/kg respectively belonged to Bivalvia, Gastropoda and Crustacea. The mean concentrations of Zn and Pb were significantly lower than permissible limits recommended by WHO (P<0.05). Also significant correlation found between mean concentration of Pb in sediment samples and Gastropoda samples. Although currently the sediments of study area aren't polluted with Zn and Pb, but the establishment of the petroleum industries, ship traffic, the oil spill from drilling rigs and tankers discharging ballast water can cause a threat to sediments pollution and consequently aquatic animals of this area.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of probiotic Lactobacillus casei on hematological and immunological parameters of rainbow trout after lead poisoning. In order to achieve this, 375 fish about 15±4.6 g of weight were selected and after being physically examined were divided randomly in to 5 groups including 3 groups which were fed by healthy food containing 5×106, 5×107 and 5×108 CFU/g Lactobacillus casei for 45 days and also 2 positive and negative control group of lead which were fed by healthy food without probiotics. Then 3 probiotics and positive control groups were fed by poisoned food (500 µg/Kg lead nitrate) for 21 days. Blood samples after anesthesia were collected from dorsal vein at days 45, 52, 59 and 66. Then, Hematological (hemoglobin, PCV, red blood cells and white blood cells) and some immunological parameters such as serum lysozyme and bactericidal activity, complement, respiratory burst activity, total protein and albumin were compared and were assessed between groups. Results showed that hemoglobin, red blood cells and white blood cells in 3 probiotics groups were increased significantly compared with control group (P<0.05). Serum lysozyme and bactericidal activity and also complement, were enhanced significantly with respect to control group (P<0.05). Respiratory burst activity at days 52 in group 2 had significant increase compared with control group (P<0.05). Total protein and globulin decreased compared with control group (P>0.05). According to obtained results, it might be concluded that the feeding of this species by Lactobacillus casei could reduce damages caused by lead poisoning and enhance hematological and immunological parameters. Also, concentration 5×107 CFU/g has had better effect on immune system of rainbow trout.

Toxicity of trace metals in the environment, bioaccumulation in aquatic environments and in food chains are of great importance. In this study, concentrates on the distribution patterns of some heavy metals (Pb, Ni and Zn) in surface sediments of Shoor River estuary to obtain an overall classification for the origins of the metals in the studied area. In order to determine the degree of Contamination and environmental quality of the sediments of region, surface sediment (0-5 cm) samples were collected from 4 stations in winter. At each station, three surface sediment samples were collected and the concentration of heavy metals were measured using a flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; Then Geochemical Accumulation Index (Igeo) for each of the sampling stations applied. Geochemical accumulation index values indicated the contamination level of Ni and Pb is unpolluted; while Zn in the two stations near to the city has state unpolluted to moderate pollution. The mean values ​​of these metals compared with our concentration in aquatic ecosystems elsewhere in the world and with sediment quality guidelines. The average concentrations of Zn (146.42 ug/g) was higher than the HAL standard and lower than LAL standard, the average concentration of Ni (77.63 ug/g) was higher than the sediment quality standards and the average concentration of Pb (6.12 ug/g) was lower than these standards. The average values of Ni and Zn ​​in the study area, in compared to the most of other areas had higher values; while Pb values were lower than the values of most these areas. Nevertheless, due to rapid urbanization and industrial development of Bandar Abbas, monitoring of heavy metals contamination in the study area due to its ecological importance is necessary.

The present study intended to investigate the bioaccumulation of six non-toxic (copper, nickel, iron, zinc, manganese, aluminum) and five toxic (lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, chromium) metals in edible (muscle) and inedible (liver, and gills) tissues of Perca fluviatilis L. (Perch) in Anzali Wetland. A sample size of 20 fish was caught in May 2015 from Anzali Wetland and MOPPAM method and atomic absorption device were used to prepare and analyze the samples. The results showed that metal accumulation was significantly different among the three tissues of liver, gill and muscle in a descending order. The accumulation of non-toxic metals Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Al, in muscle 4.84, 0.42, 64.32, 13.2, 0.09 and toxic metals Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr 0.87, 0.47, 0.11, 0.07, 0.57; non-toxic metals in liver 136.52, 0.92, 377, 64.97, 60.16, 0.21 and toxic metals 1.25, 0.92, 0.35, 0.18, 0.98; non-toxic metals in gills 97.63, 0.66, 284.33, 47.15, 53.79, 0.15 and toxic metals 1.05, 0.67, 0.25, 0.13, 0.84 were respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that the accumulation of metal uptake in muscle had a significant direct relationship with the uptakes in liver and gills. Moreover, investigating the relationship between metal uptakes showed that all metals had significantly positive relationships with one another except lead. Comparing the metal bioaccumulation in muscle with WHO standards showed that the accumulation of all metals except lead, cadmium and manganese was lower than standard limits. The concentrations of all metals were below NHMRC standard while their concentrations except for lead and mercury were below MAFF standard.

Aquatic plants play an important role for production of food and habitat of fish, wild life and other aquatic organism in aquatic ecosystem. In the recent years, various parameters such as high entry of organic matter and nutrient and pollution had an influential role in the biological communities of wetland. For more information on quantities and quality variations of aquatic plants, aquatic species of west wetland area (Abkenar) and biomass of most species was evaluated. In the studied area 12 species belonging to 10 genera were identified. The six sampling stations were selected and 72 frames (1 x 1 m-2) by Random-systematic sampling method were used to sample aquatic plants. According to the standard methods, Physical and chemical parameters of water were determined. Relationship between aquatic plants and Physical-chemical properties analyzed by using of Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and CANOCO 4 software. Fresh weight biomass of aquatic plants was determined on 6 stations (126 g.m-2). The results indicated that, the high (720 g.m-2) and low (30 g.m-2) of fresh biomass were detected for Ceratophyllum demersum and Azolla filiculoides in the plots, respectivelly. The CCA analysis showed that Ceratophyllum demersum plays an important role in increasing of biomass.

The avifaunal diversity and population fluctuation of birds of Karun River ecosystem in Ahvaz City was studied for period of six months from April-2015 to September-2015 based on observational and total count methods with Zeiss binoculars (10×40) and telescopes (15×60). A total of 1919 bird individuals from 41 bird species were recorded in Karon River ecosystem. Out of the total 41 species, 8 species(19.51%) of all detections belong to swimmer waterbirds, 8 species 19.51% of bird species belong to wading birds and 25 species (60.98%) terrestrial birds, that 22 species of them were breeder (12 species belong to terrestrial birds, one species to water birds and 9 species to wading birds). Reduction population of waterbirds in 2015 compared to 2001 was 95 percent and breeding population reduction was 20.76 percent. The terrestrial birds were dominant with 836 individuals in spring and 390 individuals in summer as compared to water birds, 529 individuals in spring and 164 individuals in summer. The highest waterbirds abundance was recorded for Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (3.66% in spring), the highest terrestrial birds abundance was recorded for House Sparrow Passer domessticus (15.16% in spring) and Swallow Hirundo rustica(9.74% in summer), and the highest wading birds abundance was recorded for Little Egret Egreta garzetta(57.77% in spring). The highest species diversity i.e. Shannon’s index (3.27), species richness i.e. Margalef’s index (R1 = 6.227), species evenness, i.e., McIntosh’s index (E = 0.6733) and Fisher alpha’s index (11.26) was recorded for all birds. Six species of protected and one species of globally threatened species observed in Karun River ecosystem. The aim of this study demonstrates the importance of Karun River Ecosystem in Ahvaz City limits to protect the birds.

Regarding to the situation of the country's biological resources, it is necessary any kind planning regarding the use of the lands for different use and its establishment in the various basins according to t5he ecological capacity and sustainable development while maintaining the quantity and quality of the environment for different needs of society regarding to the use of resources to procure. Therefore, to achieve this goal it is necessary which basis on the terms and conditions of the country's for different climate models, the location of the ecological conditions commensurate with the provision of land to the real potential for the establishment of various uses. The research done in the direction of the ecologic value of Shushtar city basin with 48 ° and 35 minutes longitude location minutes to 49 degrees 34 minutes East latitude and 31 ° 36 ¢ and 32 ° to 26 minutes for Northern Aquaculture user using the method of AHP and modified the original passage of the face. At the first, the range of the studied basin on the map with 1:25000 of the topography was closed .After the determination of the boundary study range using lines of the topography of the region was prepared. subsequently the DEM maps such as height, slope, direction of slope map of the area was developed and then by using AHP model  and Dr. Makhdoom aquaculture model to preparation of the table toexperts were given the rating after collecting questionnaires and Expert choice software to define  the weight of each criteria achieved  and priority of criteria in order to building the specified map after the normalization of weight criteria, compared to the integration of GIS with AHP results of the action and the map slope, direction of slope, plant species and plant density of soil texture, soil structure, and ... format Raster was prepared. At the end it has been found that  Shushtar city basin aquaculture user in two floors, 48% of the equivalent class 99485 hectares are suitable and 52% in the equivalent 107,190 HA inappropriate class.